How does a train station become a city's defining feature? Rotterdam Centraal offers more than transit—it tells a story of resilience, modernity, and sustainability. What makes it such a cultural and architectural landmark?

Rotterdam Centraal station is not just a point of transit. It is an emblem of Rotterdam’s drive to rebuild, innovate, and look forward. Located at the heart of one of Europe’s most dynamic cities, the station is a marvel of design, sustainability, and urban integration. More than a railway hub, it serves as a symbol of a city that rose from wartime devastation to redefine itself as a centre of bold architecture and green thinking. Its transformation over decades showcases the power of infrastructure to reflect the character and aspirations of a place.

A history born of necessity

After the Second World War, Rotterdam lay in ruins, and rebuilding became a pressing challenge. Among the many projects to rise from the ashes was the original Rotterdam Centraal, designed by Sybold van Ravesteyn and completed in 1957. This station replaced Delftse Poort, which had been obliterated in the Rotterdam Blitz. The post-war design was utilitarian, focused on restoring connectivity and functionality. But even then, the station became a key player in the Dutch railway network, and its importance only grew with the inauguration of the Netherlands’ first metro line in 1968, linking the city’s northern and southern halves.

By the turn of the 21st century, however, it was clear that the station had outgrown its post-war identity. Rotterdam’s resurgence as a global city meant passenger numbers were soaring, and the old structure simply couldn’t keep up. A bold redesign was required—not just to expand capacity, but to create a station that matched Rotterdam’s new image as a leader in innovation and sustainable urban development.

Previous Rotterdam Centraal Station. Photo credit: Schotanus

A new vision

In 2004, the transformation of Rotterdam Centraal began, helmed by Team CS, a partnership of Benthem Crouwel Architekten, MVSA Meyer & Van Schooten Architects, and West 8. The challenge was enormous: to build a facility capable of serving over 320,000 passengers daily by 2025 while keeping trains running and integrating the station with the city’s modern aesthetic. The project demanded cutting-edge solutions and a relentless commitment to sustainable design.

The result was unveiled in 2014 and has since become an icon. The new Rotterdam Centraal is a place where function meets beauty, with an architectural boldness that encapsulates the city’s ethos.

View of Central Station and Stationsplein from the Manhattan Hotel, with the Groothandelsgebouw on the left and the RET tram stops on the right. Photo credit: Ossip van Duivenbode.

Architecture that inspires

Perhaps the station’s most striking feature is its asymmetrical stainless-steel roof, a dramatic gesture that appears to point towards the city’s bustling centre. This dynamic form doesn’t just look futuristic—it reflects the station’s purpose as a gateway to Rotterdam. The grand entrance on the city-facing side, framed by wood and glass, invites passengers into a spacious, light-filled hall where natural materials soften the imposing scale.

Inside, every detail is designed for both elegance and efficiency. The high ceilings flood the space with daylight, and the use of wood creates a warmth that contrasts with the sleek exterior. The layout prioritises flow, accommodating ticketing services, retail outlets, and waiting areas without ever feeling cramped. This seamless blend of practicality and design makes the station as comfortable for a quick commuter dash as for a leisurely visit.

Sustainability at its core

One of the station’s defining achievements is its environmental responsibility. Sustainability was a core tenet of the redesign, exemplified by the 130,000 solar panels integrated into the roof. These panels cover a vast 10,000 square metres, producing a significant portion of the station’s energy and reducing its carbon footprint. By embracing renewable energy, Rotterdam Centraal leads by example, proving that large-scale infrastructure can be both functional and eco-friendly.

Other green features include efficient energy use throughout the building and future-ready design elements that anticipate additional urban development around the station. The project set a benchmark for what sustainable transport hubs can achieve in an era where climate-conscious design is no longer optional but essential.

A hub for the city and beyond

Rotterdam Centraal isn’t just a local landmark—it’s a critical node in the European transport network. The station’s 16 platforms handle a mix of domestic and international rail services, including high-speed trains to Belgium, France, and the UK. Eurostar’s addition in 2020 introduced juxtaposed border controls, streamlining the process for travellers heading to Britain.

Beneath the main station lies a modern metro hub that connects Rotterdam to surrounding regions through the RandstadRail light rail system. By integrating multiple transport modes, the station ensures that travel within and beyond the city is straightforward.

Photo by Lukas Boekhout on Unsplash

A welcoming experience

Rotterdam Centraal places as much emphasis on the passenger experience as on its logistics. The station’s main hall is a hive of activity, offering a range of shops, cafés, and essential services. Travellers can pick up groceries, withdraw cash, or relax in the NS International Lounge before boarding their train. Accessibility features ensure that passengers with reduced mobility can navigate the station easily. For many, the station is not just a transit point—it’s the start of their Rotterdam journey.

Blending past and future

While the station is forward-looking in every sense, it also nods to Rotterdam’s history. The original “CENTRAAL STATION” lettering and clock were reinstalled on the new facade, preserving a tangible link to its mid-century predecessor. Two granite sculptures from the old station, affectionately called “Speculaasjes,” now adorn the bike tunnel entrance. These thoughtful details ensure that Rotterdam Centraal honours its past even as it drives into the future.

A landmark for all

Rotterdam Centraal has become a cultural touchstone. Its photogenic architecture has made it a magnet for photographers, and its status as a modern masterpiece draws design enthusiasts from around the globe. Its sustainable design, architectural ambition, and cultural significance have made it a source of civic pride and a model for other cities to follow.

What makes Sinterklaas so special?

Leave a shoe out with snacks and you might find a gift the next morning

Is he really coming?

Sinterklaas arrives in Dordrecht in 2011 📷 Tony Taylorstock

When exactly?

The arrival of Sinterklaas will be officially announced on Dutch television and there will also be an official arrival place which varies from year to year. The arrival is broadcasted on TV, so if something prevents you from going to see him live, you can always join from the comfort of your own living room. However, he also arrives in every bigger place, certainly in the cities and in some villages too.

 

Sint appears in style with the boat in Rotterdam on Saturday 16th this year, so if you want to join the celebrations and have a nose around on how the festivities work just see this website for more details. He will leave on 6 December, which is often also shown on Dutch TV to make a point. Sinterklaas departure then makes way for all things Christmas.

 

The image of Black Pete (Zwarte Piet) is changing - Dordrecht (2018) 📷 Tony Taylorstock

The big dividing discussion surrounding Black Pete

Traditional Depiction of Black Pete

Black Pete - as originally created, intended and depicted

Two black Petes — Leidschendam, Holland - November 13, 2010: Two Black Petes laughing in the camera during the arrival of Sinterklaas in Holland. November 13, 2010 Leidschendam, Holland — Photo by jehoede

Shifting Perspectives and Modernization Efforts

Cultural Implications and Ongoing Debate

Oliebollen, a beloved Dutch New Year’s treat, hold a special place in Rotterdam’s festive traditions. Mobile stalls across the city offer this seasonal delight to eager locals and visitors.

What are oliebollen?

Oliebollen, or “oil balls,” are a quintessential Dutch treat traditionally enjoyed during the winter months, particularly around New Year’s Eve. These deep-fried doughnuts, made from sweet yeast dough, are typically filled with raisins or currants. Served warm and generously sprinkled with powdered sugar, they are a comforting snack to counter the chill of winter.

In Rotterdam, oliebollen are not just a snack—they are a cultural staple, readily available at bustling market stalls and temporary mobile vendors set up across the city.

A brief history of oliebollen

Oliebollen have a history that spans centuries. Their earliest recorded recipe appeared in 1667 in the Dutch cookbook De verstandige kock (The Sensible Cook), where they were called "oliekoecken" (oil cakes). By the 19th century, the name "oliebol" had become more common.

The origins of oliebollen are debated. Some believe they descend from fried dough prepared by Germanic tribes during Yule celebrations to appease spirits. Others suggest a link to the Portuguese Jewish community, whose sufganiyah, a Hanukkah doughnut, may have influenced the Dutch version.

Today, oliebollen are inextricably linked to Dutch New Year’s traditions, symbolising the transition from the old year to the new.

Rotterdam’s oliebollen tradition

Rotterdam is renowned for its vibrant oliebollen culture, with mobile stalls being a highlight of the season. These pop-up vendors, often family-run, pride themselves on producing freshly made oliebollen that draw long queues as New Year’s Eve approaches. Locals swear by their favourite stalls, with some even embarking on a citywide hunt for the "best" oliebollen.

Unlike tourist hotspots like the Markthal, mobile oliebollen stalls are seen as the heart of Rotterdam’s festive food scene. Located in neighbourhoods, near supermarkets, or in public squares, these stalls offer an authentic taste of the city’s traditions. Their simplicity and focus on quality resonate deeply with residents.

Cultural significance

Oliebollen hold deep cultural significance, particularly during New Year’s celebrations. Their round shape is said to symbolise continuity and the cyclical nature of time, making them an apt treat for welcoming the new year.

For many Rotterdammers, oliebollen-making is a cherished family tradition. Gathering in kitchens to mix dough, fry batches, and share stories is a way of strengthening familial bonds and preserving cultural heritage.

Modern twists on a classic

While the traditional raisin-filled oliebollen remain the most popular, some stalls and bakers experiment with flavours to cater to evolving tastes. Variations include apple-filled oliebollen, versions spiced with cinnamon or cardamom, and even savoury adaptations. These innovations add diversity while respecting the treat’s time-honoured roots.

Where to find oliebollen in Rotterdam

Mobile oliebollen stalls are an integral part of the Rotterdam festive season and can be found in nearly every neighbourhood. Whether you're strolling through the bustling city centre or exploring local shopping streets, you’re likely to encounter a nearby stall. These vendors are often set up in accessible locations, making it easy for everyone to enjoy this seasonal treat.

For instance, on the Peppelweg shopping street in Schiebroek, a popular oliebollen stall draws in locals year after year. Similarly, residents of Kralingen, Delfshaven, and other areas can rely on their own neighbourhood vendors. From supermarket car parks to bustling shopping areas, oliebollenkramen are a beloved fixture across Rotterdam.

More than just a seasonal treat

Oliebollen are more than just a seasonal treat—they are a deeply rooted part of Rotterdam’s identity. Whether purchased from a bustling mobile stall or lovingly made at home, they bring people together to celebrate tradition, family, and the arrival of a new year. As the festive season unfolds, the aroma of fresh oliebollen wafting through the streets is a familiar and comforting reminder of Rotterdam’s rich culinary culture.

Rotterdam's history lives on in its most cherished landmarks. From Europe's first skyscraper to medieval churches, each site tells a story of resilience and rebirth.

Rotterdam is often celebrated for its bold, modern architecture and vibrant cultural scene. Yet, the city’s rich history, marked by resilience and rebirth, remains visible in several iconic landmarks that survived World War II bombings or were carefully restored. Here, we take a closer look at six historic landmarks in Rotterdam and the unique stories behind them.

1. The Witte Huis (White House)

The Witte Huis (White House)

Historical significance:
Completed in 1898, the Witte Huis is considered the first skyscraper in Europe, towering at an impressive 43 metres. Designed by architect Willem Molenbroek in the Art Nouveau style, the building was a marvel of its time, symbolising Rotterdam’s ambition and push for modernisation.

Anecdote:
When the Witte Huis was first proposed, its unprecedented height was met with scepticism by locals and city planners alike. Yet, the venture proved to be successful, becoming a beloved fixture in Rotterdam’s skyline. Miraculously, the Witte Huis was one of the few buildings in central Rotterdam to survive the 1940 bombings that levelled much of the city. Today, it stands as a rare relic of pre-war Rotterdam and a testament to both the city’s aspirations and resilience.

2. Sint-Laurenskerk (St. Lawrence Church)

Sint Laurenskerk (Grote Kerk) Rotterdam

Historical significance:
Completed in 1525, Sint-Laurenskerk is one of the oldest buildings in Rotterdam and the city’s only remaining medieval structure. Originally built as a Catholic church, it became Protestant during the Reformation, showcasing Gothic architecture and deep religious history in a city now known for its diversity.

Anecdote:
The church’s tower, once the tallest structure in Rotterdam, was badly damaged during the WWII bombings. Determined to preserve this important piece of heritage, Rotterdammers rallied to restore Sint-Laurenskerk after the war. Today, the church stands proudly amidst Rotterdam’s modern skyline, symbolising the city’s medieval past and the enduring will to rebuild and honour its history.

3. Delfshaven

Delfshaven Rotterdam

Historical significance:
Delfshaven is one of the few areas in Rotterdam to have escaped the destruction of WWII, allowing it to retain its historic charm and architecture. Dating back to the 14th century, it served as a bustling port and remains one of Rotterdam’s most picturesque neighbourhoods.

Anecdote:
Delfshaven holds a unique place in both Dutch and American history. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers set sail from Delfshaven to America after spending over a decade in Leiden. The Pilgrim Fathers Church commemorates this journey and draws visitors interested in learning about the early roots of American history. Wandering through Delfshaven today feels like stepping back in time, as its cobblestone streets and historic canals offer a rare glimpse into old Rotterdam.

4. Hotel New York

Hotel New York in Rotterdam

Historical significance:
Originally built in 1901 as the headquarters for the Holland America Line, Hotel New York stands as a landmark of Rotterdam’s rich maritime heritage. The building now serves as a hotel and restaurant but retains its strong connection to Rotterdam’s seafaring past.

Anecdote:
During the early 20th century, Hotel New York was a major departure point for emigrants seeking new lives in America. Many hopeful travellers bid farewell to the Netherlands from this very port, beginning journeys that would change their lives forever. Today, Hotel New York is a symbol of the city’s history of migration, adventure, and opportunity, while its nostalgic interior offers visitors a sense of connection to the past.

5. Van Nelle Factory

Van Nelle Factory in Rotterdam

Historical significance:
Built between 1927 and 1931, the Van Nelle Factory is a masterpiece of modern industrial architecture. Its design, with an emphasis on natural light and open spaces, reflected progressive ideas about work environments in the early 20th century. Recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage site, it remains a beloved architectural icon in Rotterdam.

Anecdote:
The factory was initially used for the production of coffee, tea, and tobacco, but its design set it apart from other industrial sites of the time. With its iconic glass walls, the Van Nelle Factory was often praised as “a poem in steel and glass.” Since its closure as a manufacturing site, the building has been repurposed to host creative industries, events, and businesses. The Van Nelle Factory’s innovative design and adaptability mirror Rotterdam’s spirit of progress and reinvention.

6. Euromast

Euromast Rotterdam

Historical significance:
The Euromast was constructed for the 1960 Floriade, a horticultural exhibition, and was originally intended to be a temporary structure. Standing at 185 metres, it quickly became an iconic part of Rotterdam’s skyline, offering visitors unparalleled panoramic views of the city.

Anecdote:
Due to its overwhelming popularity, the Euromast was made permanent and remains one of Rotterdam’s most popular attractions. Visitors can take a high-speed elevator to the top for a breathtaking view, or dine in its restaurant for an unforgettable experience. Though built relatively recently compared to other historic landmarks, the Euromast holds a special place in Rotterdam’s story as a symbol of post-war optimism and modernity.

Embracing history amid modernity

These six landmarks reflect Rotterdam’s architectural diversity, from medieval churches and Art Nouveau structures to modern industrial designs and observation towers. Each site has withstood the city’s challenging past, embodying stories of resilience, migration, and innovation. Visiting these landmarks allows you to journey through Rotterdam’s history, experiencing how the city’s unique heritage blends seamlessly with its contemporary vibrancy.